Recent Trends in Advertising - 11843 Words

Foreword Hrm practices play very important role in managing any type of business. Yes, practices do differ form sector to sector company to company but the basic idea of managing the staff , recruitment and selection procedures are mostly the same. In this project we have considered hrm practices in retail sector. Retail sector in India is now growing aggressively and want for professionals in this sector has also increased. Competition has made a lot of difference in this sector , To match with the competition Excel Hr practices are important. Human resource management in retail sector its importance at present is what tempted us to select this topic from the wide range of topics provided to us by our Professor. We are very much thankful†¦show more content†¦And those conditions are: either you pay for it, or you will accept interruptions. Those interruptions will come any time, in any form or shape, and we will charge advertisers depending on the number of eyeballs that we are able to – theoretically – put in front of your ad. We – the media – can manage the time, the sequence, the primetime†¦ anything. We have the control, and all you can do is to sit down and become â€Å"audience†, i.e. shut up and listen. Depending on which side you are at, the idea sounds reasonable; media companies learn how to influence us, how to shape our tastes and habits, and we accept the model because we basically dont have any other model to compete with. But all of a sudden, Internet explodes, and offers infinite choice, for free and with a completely different interaction model: now, the user is in control, and things happen only when he or she decides to click. And it is not just the Internet†¦. we also get TiVO, we get Slingbox (make sure you google those products and stay tuned to the concept if you havent heard about them yet :-) and concepts like time-shifting or place-shifting become a true, painful reality. The conclusion is crystal-clear: forget about control. All the control lies now in the hands of the user. Another big change arises precisely from that locus of control: when the user controls what to do and where to go, the role of the content provider becomes pretty much like in that movie, Field ofShow MoreRelatedHow Do Trend in the Marketing Industry, Such as Integrated Marketing, Affect Advertising?1037 Words   |  5 Pages1. How do trend in the marketing industry, such as integrated marketing, affect advertisi ng? Nowadays, there are too many trends in the marketing industry which we can see all over the places. These trends do not only give implication to the industry itself, it also affects the advertising field as well. Internet Marketing  is an all-inclusive term for marketing products and/or services online – and like many all-inclusive terms, Internet marketing means different things to differentRead MoreCurrent Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends821 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Current Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends Current Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends: In past few decades, the nature of marketing in the health care industry has changed significantly because of the recent developments that have contributed to the need to develop innovative marketing techniques and trends. These developments witnessed the adoption of marketing techniques from other industries and the creation of marketing approaches that are healthcare-specific. Some of theRead MoreDigital Marketing And Evolving Technologies Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdevices and digital channels, causing both diversification and consolidation of marketing technology (History of digital marketing technology). Recent trends in advertising and marketing have changed the landscape of digital marketing. Four innovations in advertising have revolutionized the advertising world (Dhanik): o Mobile video advertising o Native advertising o Viewable impressions o Behavioral data Mobile video provides marketers with a captive audience. â€Å"Between Q3 2012 and Q3 2014, smartphoneRead MoreEuropean Advertising vs. American Advertising Essays872 Words   |  4 Pages------------------------------------------------- European Advertising vs. American Advertising ------------------------------------------------- Research Paper ARS 230 The main aspect of advertising is to ‘get more bang for the buck’, to make it aesthetically pleasing to the eye and gain the viewer’s attention. Throughout the years, advertising has varied in many ways from catchy slogans to iconic logos. Some may say there is nothing wrong with a little healthy competition, but what if oneRead MoreThe Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Media1418 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes many kinds of communication businesses, such as social Media, magazine, the press, advertising, photography, broadcasting, film and so on. It can be said with certainty that the Media is playing an increasingly important role in people’s lives and it has aroused wide public concern in the UK. In this essay, I will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of 5 Media communication businesses in the UK in recent years. Social Media In terms of Social media, it is mainly includes broadcast, taggingRead MoreWhy Google Should Spend Profits Somewhere?1143 Words   |  5 Pagesprofit. In order to continue growth and maintain the vision of ‘providing vast information to users without charging’ at the same time Brin and Page finally considered associations with marketing and advertising. Google started to offer entertainment and news for free while charging for standardized advertising (Hartley, 2014). Up to 2014, Google has become the label of a multinational cooperation with more than $500 per share price (NASDAQ.com, 2014), providing a variety of splendid internet-related servicesRead MoreOld Versus New Methods Of Advertising999 Words   |  4 Pages The Old versus New Methods of Advertising The approachable tactics used to draw in consumers by advertisers have been fairly equally traditional and nontraditional. In recent years more people have been drawn to more (electronic) social sites instead of TV or magazines for the new and up to date trends that interest consumers. One example of a new form of advertising is stated by Louise Story in the article â€Å"Anywhere the Eye Can See, It’s likely to See an Ad,† he illustrates the electronic advancesRead MoreE Marketing vs Traditional Marketing in the Middle East1427 Words   |  6 Pagesrelatively new form of marketing (also referred to as online advertising), includes mass email advertising, banners on websites, banners on searching engines, advertising during online videos, and any other online advertising. Traditional marketing is all the forms of offline media such as television advertising, road banners and boards, in malls signboards, radio advertising, newspapers and magazines advertising and all similar types of advertising. This paper reviews the influences of e-marketing in theRead MoreDisney, Future Challenges1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfuture risks and challenges as: 1. External forces and trends and, 2. Internal or creativity risks. Speaking about external risks, the following should be mentioned primarily: †¢ Changes in U.S., regional or global economic conditions. Being a worldwide company, Disney has to face and to take into consideration both domestic and global economic situations. As the president and CEO Robert A. Iger mentioned in the annual report: â€Å"the most recent decline in economic conditions reduced spending at ourRead MoreDesigning An Advertisement Campaign On Beauty Salon1403 Words   |  6 Pagescampaign Lakhvir Singh ID 1502 Introduction Here I am making an Advertising plan on beauty salon it would be helpful to increase its market. The name of the Salon is awesome hair and Beauty studio. It is located in Werribee, Vic. I want to increase its customer number. The name of the owner is Priya. She starts this business to gain profit. The main objective of this advertising plan is to advertising objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a product or its ease of use.

Free Speech Persuasive Speech - 1172 Words

Free speech is necessary for society to function—all speech, even the voice you don’t agree with, or think is offensive. Last week, students who attend UW made headlines for the creation of a violent video beheading a cop to promote their clothing line. The argument is not about director Eneale Pickett’s ideology; it is whether or not he had a right—free speech—to do so. For both liberals and conservatives, free speech is the â€Å"right† of every single individual living in the land of the red, white, and blue. Well, as long as the individual believes, agrees, and says the same thing as they do. News flash, that’s not what the first amendment is about. And interestingly, liberals are even worst about it than conservatives. Let me†¦show more content†¦Where the idea of disagreement is valued, debate encouraged, and the exchange of ideas on the free market vital to the growth of society. Why is free speech suddenly so controversial? Blame universities. According to a study done by Econ Journal Watch in 2016, liberals vastly outnumber conservative professors. They looked into the faculty at 40 leading universities and found out that Democrats outnumber Republicans 3,623 to 314—a ratio of 11  ½ to one (UW was not part of the survey). This past May, right leaning Young America’s Foundation conducted research into the commencement speeches and found that the top 100 national colleges ranked by U.S News and World Report colleges favored liberals (45 to 4). However, the number is a bit skewed because not all of the top 100 Universities were included, 29 speakers were in the middle of the ideology spectrum, and 22 schools had a diverse set of speakers or none at all. In 2006, Neil Gross and sociologist Solon Simmons conducted a survey to look at the â€Å"diverse† ideology of university professors. Writing in an op-ed 10 years later for the LA Times, he wrote â€Å" At the time of our study, a fifth of all American adults described themselves as liberal. Simmons and I found that about half of the faculty did.† Gross went on to write, â€Å"only 14% of professors in our survey identified as Republican. Academia isn’t teeming with radicals, but it is one of theShow MoreRelatedFree Speech : A Persuasive Speech1343 Words   |  6 Pageshat is free speech? Does the term ‘free speech’ cover offensive words? Painful ones? Words that disrespect others? What about objectionable, or even wrong beliefs? When is speech illegal? What is exactly meant by free speech? The term ‘free speech’ includes ‘hate speech’, and is therefore protected by the first amendment. This means that even messages we don ’t like, agree with, feel uncomfortable about, or even are disgusted by, are legal. Unfortunately, many college students consider harmful wordsRead MorePersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreFree Money Persuasive Speech1056 Words   |  5 PagesFree Money What would you say if I told you there is a way you can save as much or more than 14,000 in ten years? You wouldn’t have to invest any money out of pocket. Your only investment would be 15 to twenty minutes a week. How many of you could use extra money to pay bills? Are there any purchases you’ve put off because you can’t afford it? Coupon clipping is not a secret to anyone. So why do so many people pass up the opportunity to save money? I don’t believe many people are awareRead MoreFree College Education Persuasive Speech1431 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Purpose: The general purpose of the speech is to point out why college should be free. I will persuade my audience that my solution of the free college education will work. Thesis – College education is considered one of the most important factors for the nation’s economic growth, therefore free college education is a necessity. Introduction   I. Attention Getter: More Americans are getting their high school diplomas but fewer are enrolling in college. II. Common Ground: Getting into collegeRead MoreThe Art of Persuasion Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pagesspirit, and used to win a crowds favour. There are many different types of persuasive techniques, such as the general ethos, pathos and logos, repetition, list of three and rhetoric, which was used in ancient Greek. By viewing how these techniques have been applied in J.F. Kennedys Berlin speech, George Bushs speech on the 911 incident, and Martin Luther King Jr.s famous I have a dream speech, it will become apparent how these techniques are used to position an Read MoreRhetoric And Rhetoric - I Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThere are various models of rhetoric that have been applied in speeches, especially in the political and social world. For a long time, the world has been exposed to the persuasive model of rhetoric that has dominated most of the speeches we have had. A different approach to rhetoric has however not received the attention that it deserves. The rhetoric approach is called invitational model of rhetoric. The invitational approach promises to bring more impressive and long term results as opposed toRead MoreDr. King s Speech986 Words   |  4 Pagesmemorable speech occurred in a dire moment of the Civil Rights movement. His argumentative speech persuaded people in opposition to civil rights by using different methods of rhetorical appeal. Dr. King s speech was so interesting, because of the combination of rhetorical appeal styles he uses, such as ethos, logos, and pathos. A method of persuasion Dr. King uses in his speech to establish credibility and gain the trust of his audience, is known as ethos. With the subject of his speech being CivilRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica with his momentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speech was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black Americans. This did not happen by chance. Martin Luther Kings speech was carefully constructed so it wouldRead MoreJulius Caesar Speeches861 Words   |  4 Pagespositively of the conspirators. Antony falsely agrees. After Brutus gives his speech to the people of Rome, everyone in the crowd believes that Caesar was evil. An tony spoke following Brutus and absolutely inspired the crowd to believe in Caesar’s greatness. The mob went to the lengths of destroying the town and slaughtering anyone with the name that matches the conspirators. So the question remains, who had the most inspiring speech? The answer lies in who actually moved the crowd to the point of violenceRead MoreFinal Exam Review1463 Words   |  6 Pageslistening, encourages speakers by suspending judgment Critical: analyze, evaluate, inspect reasoning, weigh evidence (relevant, representative, recent, reliable) Appreciative: beauty of message, speaker eloquence, aesthetics 4. Disruptions to speech process (interference) †¦ know what the external barriers are to listening, and what the internal barriers are to listening †¦ which are the greater barriers (internal or external)? External Barriers: Physical noise, message problems (confusing

Alternative Dispute Resolution and the Internet Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Global and International Obstacles and solutions to online Arbitration and Mediation. Answer: Introduction Cyberspace law is a set of laws and guidelines that governs the fair usage of cyber space. With the increasing use of the internet, the number of its legal issues is rising day by day. In order to solve these issues and manage the disputes occurring in the cyberspace. In the course of recent years, there has been a fast development in the utilization of the web in ordinary communications (Carneiro et al., 2014). These difficulties would recommend that an alternate technique be considered with regards to settling debate emerging from online business, particularly the littler esteem business-to shopper (B2C) exchanges (Raymond, 2014). As conventional option dispute resolution measures were created to move debate determination out of the courts, and give a more financially savvy and asset sparing contrasting option to case, it makes sense that these techniques would be flawlessly suited to debate emerging from littler esteem B2C exchanges. Each of these measures give a less expensive st rategy for settling strife, which is particularly essential in clashes where the debated sum is little, as in numerous B2C exchanges. These strategies are frequently more proficient than the court frameworks, as gatherings don't need to hold up to have their matter heard under the steady gaze of a judge (Lerman, 2013). ADR systems are relevant to an extensive variety of disputes including business, arrive, protected innovation, family, progression, criminal, and political debate. It is additionally a financially perceptive implies for debate determination that encourages gatherings' connections. Conventional question determination systems allude to every one of those peace promotion instruments that African people group have utilized since time immemorial and gone from one era to the next. The most regularly utilized option debate determination procedures are intercession, intervention and arrangement. Elective debate determination likewise offers greater adaptability, as (except fo r intervention) the choices come to by gatherings are not authoritative. In this assignment, the ODR and ADR are discussed in detail by utilizing the case study of African countries regarding the cyberspace laws, ODR and ADR. The Movement of ADR to ODR The conventional ADR methodology (intervention, intercession and transaction) apparently give a perfect system to use in fathoming disconnected debate. Nevertheless, there are sure components of cyberspace issues and debates that are not tended to by the current tenets. Another framework which is custom fitted to address the particular issues emerging from electronic business exchanges is hence required. This framework, in light of the current ADR rules, has come to be known as online dispute resolution (ODR) (Raymond, 2014). ADR and TDRM forms add to improved access to equity by all, particularly poor people. Upgraded access to equity fortifies the Rule of Law. Existing writing on advancement contemplates has demonstrated a connection between's the Rule of Law and levels of development. Formal instruments for refereeing have not generally been successful in overseeing clashes. They have been difficult to reach by the poor because of legitimate details, complex methodology, high expenses and delays. This has required a move towards casual systems for peace making, including ADR and conventional question determination components (TDRM). ADR and TDRMs are in this manner quintessential from a formative viewpoint. On-line exercises, for example, the utilization of online business locales like amazon.com and e.com, have prompted the advancement of on-line question (Carneiro et al., 2014). Authors contend that if an exchange happens on the web, then disputants are probably going to acknowledge online procedures to determine their debate. In this way, the improvement of web based business requires better approaches for settling clashes. Better appr oaches for debate determination are henceforth showing up, so that the disputant parties neither need to make a trip nor to meet in courts or before authorities or middle people (Lerman, 2013). Distinctive structures or techniques for option question determination for electronic situations have been brought up by legitimate teaching. Subsequently, we can now talk about Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) as any strategy for debate determination in which entirely or somewhat an open or shut system is utilized as a virtual area to explain a question (Raymond, 2014). A significant issue, in a fast look, will be to ask how (and to what point) customary components, for example, arrangement, intercession or assertion can be transplanted or adjusted to the new telemetric conditions, exploiting every one of the assets made accessible by the most up to date data and correspondence advancements. In this manner, it will be vital to consider the numerous choices for question determination that emerge from Artificial Intelligence models and procedures (e.g., Argumentation, Game Theory, Heuristics, Intelligent Agents and Group Decision Systems). Keeping in mind the end goal to create clever and proficient systems to bolster Online Dispute Resolution, one needs to incorporate Artificial Intelligence based critical thinking methods with Online Dispute Resolution ones. This data can be considered from two alternate points of view: from one perspective, as an instrument to assist the gatherings and the leaders with obtaining the most ideal outcomes in unravelin g business question and, then again, considering another method for independent debate determination using self-ruling and keen programming, bolstered by a learning base and choice capacities. The Concept of ODR In the course of recent years, there has been a fast development in the utilization of the web in ordinary communications. The latest measurements show that upwards of 40% of overall web clients have purchased items web based utilizing some sort of desktop or portable electronic gadget. No place has there been more development than with regards to universal exchange, as the simplicity of correspondence expels the obstructions of separation and cost that had already influenced cross-outskirt exchange. Added to this, there is the issue of ward, particularly when managing cross fringe exchanges, where the total of the exchange occurred in an online place between gatherings from various nations (Raymond, 2014). These difficulties would recommend that an alternate technique be considered with regards to settling debate emerging from online business, particularly the littler esteem business-to shopper (B2C) exchanges. Portable information utilization has been rising consistently in the different global regions, and African clients frame a major some portion of the current web based business blast. The quantity of clients on the African landmass is anticipated to twofold before the finish of 2015. Added to this, we have the issue of ward, particularly when managing cross fringe exchanges, where the sum of the exchange occurred in an online place between gatherings from various nations (Carneiro et al., 2014). These difficulties would recommend that an alternate strategy be considered with regards to settling debate emerging from internet business, particularly the littler esteem business-to shopper (B2C) exchanges. A set up pioneer in the field, South African internet business locales have likewise turned out to be famous goals for customers from different nations on the landmass, most outstandingly Nigeria and Egypt. It can be presumed that with this exceptional blast, there will likewise be an un avoidable increment in the quantity of debate emerging from web exchanges (Omoola Oseni, 2016). This actually requires a productive and creative method for tending to these debate, particularly in cases including purchaser exchanges. The truth of web based business exchanges is that they ordinarily include little esteem cases, and it is regularly not financially feasible for purchasers in these exchanges to make formal lawful move against the providers if a debate were to emerge. The cost of court procedures is a noteworthy obstruction, and also the time span that it would take to determine these debates (Carneiro et al., 2014). The volume of cases that could conceivably emerge in this way could overpower for the effectively stressed court frameworks, and the little estimation of any conceivable additions would imply that the customary court framework would not be the best alternative for settling debate emerging on the web (Raymond, 2014). To address the difficulties this new technique for trade makes, there has been a developing acknowledgment that option debate determination measures would be appropriate for settling debate that start on the web. The conventional ADR methodology (intervention, intercession and transaction) apparently give a perfect system to use in fathoming disconnected debate. Nevertheless, there are sure components of cyberspace issues and debates that are not tended to by the current tenets. Another framework which is custom fitted to address the particular issues emerging from electronic business exchanges is hence required. This framework, in light of the current ADR rules, has come to be known as online dispute resolution (ODR). Suitable Cases of Usage of ODR As conventional option dispute resolution measures were created to move debate determination out of the courts, and give a more financially savvy and asset sparing contrasting option to case, it makes sense that these techniques would be flawlessly suited to debate emerging from littler esteem B2C exchanges. Each of these measures give a less expensive strategy for settling strife, which is particularly essential in clashes where the debateed sum is little, as in numerous B2C exchanges. These strategies are frequently more proficient than the court frameworks, as gatherings don't need to hold up to have their matter heard under the steady gaze of a judge (Carneiro et al., 2014). As far as Art. 10.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles 2010, elective debate determination alludes to " procedures whereby the gatherings ask for a third individual to help them in their endeavor to achieve a genial settlement of their debate". In South Africa particularly, there has been a restored enthusiasm for purchaser assurance, both locally and in cross-outskirt communications. This intrigue is in accordance with the current rush of shopper assurance in whatever is left of the world, and ought to be produced to incorporate the insurance of customers in internet business, including the making of debate determination techniques. The most regularly utilized option debate determination procedures are intercession, intervention and arrangement. Elective debate determination likewise offers greater adaptability, as (except for intervention) the choices come to by gatherings are not authoritative (Raymond, 2014). Elective debate determination gives off an impression of being appropriate for use in online disputes, given that gatherings are not prone to need to put much cash or time in settling these sorts of issues. It gives a savvy, time-compelling and adaptable methods for tending to issues emerging from cross-fringe web based business. It is additionally contended that the utilization of option debate determination manages more assurance to the shopper as the weaker party, as the business would have more assets accessible for prosecution, and could all the more effectively stand to battle a matter in court, as far as both cash and time. There are a wide range of meanings of online dispute resolution, yet in its easiest shape the term alludes to the utilization and adjustment of customary option debate determination models (most normally intercession, transaction and mediation) to determine debate which emerge on the web. This advancement has as of now started on a universal scale, with nations building up their own particular residential law in regards to online debate determination, and the making of certain global instruments that give rules to online debate determination and buyer insurance (Raymond, 2014). The United States is apparently the world pioneer in the law identifying with online debate resolution, with the most operational online debate determination suppliers (both government run and private). This maybe be credited to the development of innovation in California's Silicon Valley, which has brought about a developing requirement for strategies for settling on the web debate in ranges of law as fluctua ted as space name debate, purchaser connections and online part player amusements (Carneiro et al., 2014). With respect to contracts particularly, eBay (an American organization) was one of the primary internet business organizations to build up its own particular arrangement of online debate determination, the Resolution Center. Starting at 2013, this Resolution Center is completely computerized, and is proposed to furnish purchasers and dealers with an online interface to help them report and resolve clashes, for example, not getting a thing and not accepting installment for a thing (Wang Cardie, 2016). The framework is utilized if all else fails when eBay individuals can't go to a determination between themselves. The Center empowers individuals to open a case which starts eBay intercession between the purchaser and dealer. The law identifying with online debate determination contrasts in the distinctive states, with the most created frameworks being found in California and New York State. The last sorts of exchanges incorporate online commercial centers, for example, eBay, etsy.com a nd takealot.com, where the provider is typically an organization, and the customer has a relative measure of obscurity as one of numerous faceless customers who utilize the webpage. Online debate determination can be particularly valuable in debate emerging from these circumstances, as the potential for mistake is substantial and the cost of conventional suit is frequently an obstacle to hindered buyers (Raymond, 2014). These sorts of debate can emerge from contracts closed through electronic or advanced means. This incorporates (however is not constrained to) contracts closed by means of email, SMS (short message benefit) or other computerized frameworks. Online debate can likewise emerge from circumstances where the whole exchange is directed on the web, and the business and shopper have no other contact (Carneiro et al., 2014). There is likewise a substantial lopsidedness of energy and assets between the purchaser and the provider and the utilization of option debate determination techniques can put the gatherings on a more equivalent balance. Global and International Obstacles and Solutions to Online Arbitration and Mediation The issue of online question determination was first tended to in the EU Directive on option debate determination for purchaser debate (2013), and was particularly administered for in the Regulation on online debate determination for shopper question around the same time. Lately, the European Union has likewise added to the improvement of the law identifying with ODR (Menkel-Meadow, 2015). These far reaching execution of the EU Directive and Regulation advances consistency of the law and will ideally give customers and organizations in various nations with a fundamental standard of lead when confronted with question which emerge on the web. These instruments have been received in all part conditions of the European Union, and give rules to individual nations to direct online debate determination, both locally and with reference to cross-outskirt question. Curiously, the EU Directive and Regulation have additionally been received by Nigeria, and it stays to be perceived how viable the se guidelines will be in the Nigerian setting, given the present uniqueness between the levels of innovation in Europe and Africa. Legal Obstacles The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has likewise settled a working gathering committed to online debate determination. This working gathering was set up in 2010, and their last meeting was in February 2015. There is likewise the Preliminary Draft Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters as modified by the Hague Conference in Private International Law could likewise be of significance while talking about the eventual fate of ODR, however it stays to be seen whether this draft tradition will in truth happened as intended, and what sort of effect this instrument and the proposition of the UNCITRAL working gathering will have. To understand the legal obstacles of online dispute resolution, the case study of African countries are considered. It is perfect to stick to this same pattern and stay aware of universal advancements, particularly as an approach to advance cross-fringe exchange and reinforce web based business in Africa in general (Carneiro et al., 2014). In the ICT ready states, in any case, the difficulties are negligible, and it appears like these states are starting to understand the capability of online debate determination as a compelling methods for settling smallvalue B2C claims. From this concise exchange, unmistakably the African mainland is still in the underlying phases of tolerating on the web debate determination as a feasible model for settling question which emerge on the web. It is ending up noticeably progressively obvious that the advancement of such a framework is important with the goal for us to contend at a worldwide level. Nevertheless, the landmass is still toward the starti ng phase of advancement, as there are various constraints and difficulties that must be confronted. Creators have separated African states into three gatherings in view of the level of their current data and correspondences innovation (ICT). In nations where the framework does exist, and web based business keeps on developing, there is frequently lacking or non-existent web based business control, as the innovation has grown speedier than the lawful tenets (Carneiro et al., 2014). It is additionally critical for the help of cross-fringe exchange, which is basic for further financial development in Africa. The South African activities are yet the initial steps, and it is recommended that these activities, together with the current web based business enactment in South Africa have the potential for further development and improvement on the African mainland. The primary meeting for discussing the ODR in Africa is alluded to as the ICT-prepared states, among them South Africa, Egypt, M orocco, Tunisia and Nigeria (Menkel-Meadow, 2015). The second gathering is the ICT-advancing states, which incorporate Ghana, Algeria and Cameroon. The last gathering is the ICT-conceivably advancing states, similar to Malawi, Botswana and quite a bit of Central Africa. For the two last gatherings, the difficulties to the improvement of web based business and online debate determination are critical (Raymond, 2014). The fundamental framework is missing, and the innovation accessible is frequently simple. Furthermore, many creating nations battle with essential issues, for example, a lack of fundamental supplies, for example, nourishment, water and power. In these occurrences, the advancement of web based business would plainly not be a need, and the more quick difficulties would should be tended to first. Online question determination fits the requirement for productive, financially savvy and sufficient debate determination, and ought to accordingly be advanced and investigated, both in South Africa and in the more extensive African setting. Online Mediation and Arbitration Advancement is not attainable in a contention circumstance. Clashes and debate must be overseen adequately and quickly for improvement to happen. Clashes and debate administration instruments comprise of option question determination systems (ADR, for example, arrangement, intercession, pacification, master sentiment, scaled down trial, ombudsman techniques, intervention; conventional question determination components and furthermore formal instruments in particular court mediation) (Menkel-Meadow, 2015). ADR and TDRM forms add to improved access to equity by all, particularly poor people. Upgraded access to equity fortifies the Rule of Law. Existing writing on advancement contemplates has demonstrated a connection between's the Rule of Law and levels of development (Raymond, 2014). Formal instruments for refereeing have not generally been successful in overseeing clashes. They have been difficult to reach by the poor because of legitimate details, complex methodology, high expenses and delays. This has required a move towards casual systems for peace making, including ADR and conventional question determination components (TDRM). ADR and TDRMs are in this manner quintessential from a formative viewpoint. Diverse labels have been utilized to portray these components. Terms, for example, African, people group, conventional, non-formal, casual, standard, indigenous and nonstate equity frameworks, are regularly utilized reciprocally in depicting limited and social particular debate determination systems (Carneiro et al., 2014). They go for compromise by reestablishing gatherings' connections, peace-building and concentrating on gatherings' interests instead of allotting rights between disputants. Customary equity frameworks have been strong notwithstanding non-acknowledgment in law for quite a long time. It is just as of late, that they have gotten solid legitimate sponsorship in the law, a sign that they are basic in upgrading access to equity especially in country ranges (Menkel-Meadow, 2015). Much the same as the other ADR forms they are modest, adaptable, and effortlessly available, and dissimilar to alternate procedures they utilize neighborhood dialects and do not require lawful po rtrayal. Conventional equity frameworks are solidly implanted in the way of life and traditions of African people group. Their adequacy in upgrading access to equity would in this way to a great extent rely on upon the acknowledgment of African standard law. All things considered, customary equity frameworks look for, to advance helpful equity rather than retributive equity. ADR and conventional equity frameworks fortify the Rule of Law and add to improvement (Raymond, 2014). They improve access to equity which is a fundamental segment of the Rule of Law. The Rule of Law is the establishment for both equity and security. This clarifies their significance at the worldwide and neighborhood circle. Article 159 of the Constitution charges courts and tribunals in the activity of legal specialist, to advance option types of debate determination including compromise, intervention, assertion and customary question determination components. Acknowledgment of ADR and TDRM forms in the Constitution is i ntended to upgrade access to equity as ensured in Article 48 thereof. ADR systems including transaction, intercession and assertion are likewise accessible in the settlement of intergovernmental question. Techniques for settling intergovernmental debate are accommodated in the Intergovernmental Relations Act. One of the targets of the UN is to keep up global peace and security through quiet means including the settlement of universal debate (Carneiro et al., 2014). In settling question at the worldwide level, Article 33 of the UN Charter urges gatherings, to first look for an answer for their debate by transaction, enquiry, intercession, appeasement, mediation, legal settlement, fall back on territorial organizations or courses of action, or other tranquil methods for their own particular decision. Basically, the Charter gives a legitimate premise to the utilization of ADR in question determination at the global level. In Kenya, ADR and customary debate determination components are perceived in the law (Menkel-Meadow, 2015). Nevertheless, the Act does not recognize the most reasonable ADR instrument for settling intergovernmental question because of their affectability and unpredictability. For work debate, segment 15(1) of the Industrial Court Act gives that the court may receive and execute all alone movement or at the demand of the gatherings, whatever other suitable methods for question determination including placation, intercession and cu stomary debate determination components as per Article 159(2) (c) of the Constitution (Raymond, 2014). Under the Civil Procedure Act there are arrangements managing the utilization of both intervention and mediation. Areas 59, 59B and 59C of the Civil Procedure Act give the court ward to allude any debate to ADR systems where parties have concurred or where the court thinks of it as suitable. Arrange 46 Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2010, gives that where all gatherings concur, the court has ward to allude any matter in contrast between the gatherings to assertion. In land clashes, the National Land Commission is required to empower the use of conventional debate determination systems. In addition, there are different Acts of Parliament that give methods to the utilization of different ADR components. The Arbitration Act administers the use of assertion in Kenya. The Act covers the distinctive parts of the arbitral procedure including the preliminaries, general arrangements, synthesis and purview of the arbitral tribunal, direct of the procedures, honor and end of arbitral procedures, response to the High Court against an arbitral honor and acknowledgment and authorization (Carneiro et al., 2014). Under Order 46 Rule 20, a court can embrace and execute of its own movement or at the demand of gatherings, whatever other suitable methods for debate determination including intervention for the achievement of the abrogating objective under areas 1A and 1B of the Act. There are numerous different laws which accommodate the utilization of ADR systems, proposing that ADR instruments can be utilized in a wide exhibit of matters to upgrade access to equity and add to improvement in Kenya. The abrogating objective under the Civil Procedure Act is to encourage the simply, speedy, proportionat e and reasonable determination of common debate. Solution to Legal Obstacles and other Obstacles In this article, the writers contend that the acknowledgment of ADR and TDRMs inside the lawful structure in different countries, will contribute towards financial, social, social and political advancement. This acknowledgment grows the variety of instruments that gatherings to a debate can utilize in ventilating their question. Improved access to equity additionally adds to regard for the Rule of Law, which is a fundamental precondition for advancement. In arrangement parties meet to recognize and talk about issues nearby in order to touch base at commonly satisfactory arrangements without the assistance of an outsider (Raymond, 2014). ADR prides itself for being a basic, speedy, adaptable and available question determination framework contrasted with suit. It accentuates win-win circumstances for both sides, builds gets to equity, and enhances proficiency and is speedy (Carneiro et al., 2014). ADR alludes to all basic leadership forms other than case, including yet not restricted t o transaction, enquiry, intercession, assuagement, master assurance and assertion. ADR systems primarily comprise of transaction, placation, intercession, discretion and a progression of half and half strategies. A few researchers have arranged ADR systems into facilitative, evaluative or determinative procedures. ADR is additionally turning into a lucrative monetary wander with numerous experts now filling in as full-time or low maintenance ADR professionals. What's more, various associations have built up ADR focuses (Nolan-Haley, 2013). Some of these focuses are relied upon to be real attractions for outside interests in the nation as they will deal with universal discretions. ADR is additionally being educated in schools and in colleges, and is subsequently anticipated that would add to social improvement. Facilitative procedures incorporate intervention, where gatherings are helped with distinguishing issues in question and in going to an understanding about the debate (Raymond, 2014). In evaluative procedures, for example, early nonpartisan assessment or master examination, the outsider is all the more effectively required in prompting the gatherings about the issues and different conce ivable results. ADR systems are relevant to an extensive variety of disputes including business, arrive, protected innovation, family, progression, criminal, and political debate. It is additionally a financially savvy implies for debate determination that encourages gatherings' connections. Conventional question determination systems allude to every one of those peace promotion instruments that African people group have utilized since time immemorial and gone from one era to the next (Carneiro et al., 2014). In a determinative procedure, for example, intervention and master assurance, after the gatherings' have exhibited their contentions and confirmation of a debate, the outsider makes an assurance. This arrangement forgets transaction which may not fit in the three classes. Equity can be seen from alternate points of view. It can be seen as distributive equity or financial equity which is worried with decency in sharing; procedural equity which involves the rule of reasonableness in feeling of reasonable play; therapeutic equity (remedial equity) or retributive equity. Access to equity as an idea is difficult to characterize. It might allude to a circumstance where individuals needing assistance, find viable arrangements accessible from equity frameworks which are open, moderate, fathomable to customary individuals, and which apportion equity reasonably, expediently and without separation, dread or support and offer a more prominent part for option debate determination. It could likewise allude to legal and managerial cures and methodology accessible to a man (characteristic or juristic) oppressed or prone to be bothered by an issue (Nolan-Haley, 2013). Equity can consequently mean diverse things for various individuals. This article is worried with imp roving procedural and substantive equity through ADR, and how upgraded access to equity can add to improvement by making more roads for ventilating question. In spite of the centrality of equity in national advancement, there still exist assorted obstructions to equity especially among poor people, to mind, frail financial position; high court expenses; poor framework/limit of state's lawful framework; underestimation of minority gathering; sexual orientation; and dialect boundaries (Carneiro et al., 2014). These obstructions keep individuals from understanding their maximum capacity in the public eye. Assist, it alludes to a reasonable and impartial lawful system that secures human rights and guarantees conveyance of equity. It additionally alludes to the opening up of formal frameworks and structures of the law to distraught gatherings in the public eye, evacuation of lawful, monetary and social hindrances, for example, dialect, absence of learning of legitimate rights and terrorizing by the law and lawful foundations. On account of Dry Associates Limited v Capital Markets Authority and anor, the court was of the view that, entrance to equity incorporates the reverence of rights in the law; consciousness of and comprehension of the law; access to data; equity in the assurance of rights; access to equity frameworks especially the formal adjudicatory procedures; accessibility of physical legitimate foundation; reasonableness of lawful administrations; arrangement of a favourable situation inside the legal framework; quick transfer of cases and implementation of legal choices immediately (Raymond, 2014). Access to equity could likewise incorporate the utilization of casual debate determination components, for example, ADR and customary question determination instruments, to convey equity nearer to the general population and make it more reasonable. Conclusion In the course of recent years, there has been a fast development in the utilization of the web in ordinary communications. The latest measurements show that upwards of 40% of overall web clients have purchased items web based utilizing some sort of desktop or portable electronic gadget. No place has there been more development than with regards to universal exchange, as the simplicity of correspondence expels the obstructions of separation and cost that had already influenced cross-outskirt exchange. Added to this, there is the issue of ward, particularly when managing cross fringe exchanges, where the total of the exchange occurred in an online place between gatherings from various nations. These difficulties would recommend that an alternate technique be considered with regards to settling debate emerging from online business, particularly the littler esteem business-to shopper (B2C) exchanges. Facilitative procedures incorporate intervention, where gatherings are helped with disti nguishing issues in question and in going to an understanding about the debate. In evaluative procedures, for example, early nonpartisan assessment or master examination, the outsider is all the more effectively required in prompting the gatherings about the issues and different conceivable results. ADR systems are relevant to an extensive variety of disputes including business, arrive, protected innovation, family, progression, criminal, and political debate. In a determinative procedure, for example, intervention and master assurance, after the gatherings' have exhibited their contentions and confirmation of a debate, the outsider makes an assurance. This arrangement forgets transaction which may not fit in the three classes. It is additionally a financially savvy implies for debate determination that encourages gatherings' connections. References Anderson, R., Murdoch, S. J. (2014). EMV: why payment systems fail.Communications of the ACM,57(6), 24-28. Blake, S., Browne, J., Sime, S. (2016).A practical approach to alternative dispute resolution. Oxford University Press. Bogdan, M. (2015). The New EU Regulation on online resolution for consumer disputes.Masaryk UJL Tech.,9, 155. Carneiro, D., Novais, P., Andrade, F., Zeleznikow, J., Neves, J. (2014). Online dispute resolution: an artificial intelligence perspective.Artificial Intelligence Review, 1-30. Carneiro, D., Novais, P., Andrade, F., Zeleznikow, J., Neves, J. (2013). Using Case-Based Reasoning and Principled Negotiation to provide decision support for dispute resolution.Knowledge and Information Systems,36(3), 789-826. Casanovas, P., Zeleznikow, J. (2014). Online dispute resolution and models of relational law and justice: A table of ethical principles. InAI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems(pp. 54-68). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Charlwood, A., Pollert, A. (2014). Informal Employment Dispute Resolution among Low?Wage Non?Union Workers: Does Managerially Initiated Workplace Voice Enhance Equity and Efficiency?.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(2), 359-386. Corts, P., Lodder, A. R. (2014). Consumer dispute resolution goes online: reflections on the evolution of European law for out-of-court redress. Creutzfeldt, N. (2014). How important is procedural justice for Consumer Dispute Resolution? A case study of an ombudsman model for European Consumers.Journal of Consumer Policy,37(4), 527-546. Creutzfeldt, N., Bradford, B. (2016). Dispute resolution outside of courts: procedural justice and decision acceptance among users of ombuds services in the UK.Law Society Review,50(4), 985-1016. Ebner, N., Zeleznikow, J. (2015). Fairness, Trust, and Security in Online Dispute Resolution. Emery, R. E., Rowen, J., Dinescu, D. (2014). New roles for family therapists in the courts: An overview with a focus on custody dispute resolution.Family process,53(3), 500-515. Genn, H., Greger, R., Menkel-Meadow, C. (2014).Regulating dispute resolution: ADR and access to justice at the crossroads. F. Steffek, H. Unberath (Eds.). Bloomsbury Publishing. Genn, H., Greger, R., Menkel-Meadow, C. (2014).Regulating dispute resolution: ADR and access to justice at the crossroads. F. Steffek, H. Unberath (Eds.). Bloomsbury Publishing. Lerman, C. (2013). Global Best Practices and Regional Experiences in Domain Name Dispute Resolution: Lessons for Argentina's'. ar'. Menkel-Meadow, C. (2015). Mediation, arbitration, and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Nolan-Haley, J. (2013).Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell, 4th. West Academic. Omoola, S. O., Oseni, U. A. (2016). TOWARDS AN EFFECTIVE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS: TRENDS, TRADITIONS, AND TRANSITIONS.IIUM Law Journal,24(1), 257. Peinhardt, C., Allee, T. (2016). Political Risk Insurance as Dispute Resolution.Journal of International Dispute Settlement, idv034. Powell, E. J., Wiegand, K. E. (2014). Strategic selection: Political and legal mechanisms of territorial dispute resolution.Journal of Peace Research,51(3), 361-374. Raymond, A. H. (2014). Yeah, but Did You See the Gorilla-Creating and Protecting an Informed Consumer in Cross-Border Online Dispute Resolution.Harv. Negot. L. Rev.,19, 129. Rogers, V. (2013). Managing Disputes in the Online Global Marketplace.ABA Dispute Resolution Magazine. Rhl, G. (2015). Alternative and Online Dispute Resolution for Cross-Border Consumer Contracts: a Critical Evaluation of the European Legislatures Recent Efforts to Boost Competitiveness and Growth in the Internal Market.Journal of Consumer Policy,38(4), 431-456. Spencer, D., Hardy, S. (2014).Dispute Resolution in Australia: cases, commentary and materials. Thomson Reuters. Wang, L., Cardie, C. (2016). A piece of my mind: A sentiment analysis approach for online dispute detection.arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.05704.

The Enviromnetal Degradation As A Result Of Overpopulation Essays

The Enviromnetal Degradation as a Result of Overpopulation 1 Introduction There are simply too many people on our planet, and the population is not showing any signs of slowing down(see Figure 1). It is having disastrous effects on our environment. There are too many implications and interrelationships to discuss in this paper, but the three substances that our earth consists of: land, water and air, are being destroyed. Our forests are being cut down at an alarming rate, bearing enormous impacts on the health of earth. Our oceans and seas are being polluted and overfished. Our atmosphere is injected with increasing amounts of carbon dioxide, which hurts the entire planet. All of these problems can be traced to our vast, rapidly expanding population, which has stressed our world far too greatly. Our Population In 1994, the world population was 5 602 800 000. This population had a doubling time of only forty-one years (De Blij and Muller, 1994, p.527). The massive amount of people has had highly destructive impacts on the earth's environment. These impacts occur on two levels: global and local. On the global level, there is the accumulation of green house gases that deplete the ozone layer, the extinction of species, and a global food shortage. On the local level, there is erosion of soils (and the loss of vegetation), the depletion of water supply, and toxification of the air and water. The earth is dynamic though, all of these aspects are interrelated, and no one impact is completely isolated. All of these destructive elements can be traced to our enormous population. As the population increases, so do all of the economic, social, and technological impacts. The concept of momentum of population growth is one that must be considered. It states that areas with traditionally high fertility rates will have a very young structure age. Thus, a decrease in the fertility rate will still result in a greater absolute number of births, 2 as there are more potential mothers. Populations are very slow in adjusting to decreases in fertility rates. This is especially frightening when considering that South Asia has a population of 1 204 600 000 (and a doubling time of thirty two years), Subsaharan Africa has 528 000 000 (doubling time: thirty one years), and North Africa/Southwest Asia has 448 100 000 (doubling time: twenty seven years) (De Blij and Muller, 1994, p. 529-531)and all of these areas have traditionally high fertility rates. Although third world countries do have a far larger population than industrialized nations, and the trend is constantly increasing, their populations should not bear the responsibility for our population-enduced degrading environment. The impact we make on the biosphere is sometimes expressed mathematically by ecological economists as I = PAT. I being impact, P population, A affluence (consumption) , and T technology (environmentally bad technology)(Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1990, p.24). Concern regarding population increases often focuses on the third world, since it is there that growth is exponential. Yet, it is necessary to recognize that people are by no means equal or identical in their consumption, and thus their impact on the environment (see Map 2). 3 Our Forests ?The sky is held up by the trees. If the forest disappears the sky, which is the roof of the world collapses. Nature and man perish together.? - Amerindian legend Forests are a precious link in the life systems of our planet. They are a part of these vital ecosystem services without which earth would not have been habitable by the human species in the first place and would certainly have become inhabitable again. Forests have crucial roles in the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles that nourish and sustain life on earth. They protect the watersheds that support farming and influence climate and rainfall(Lindahl-Kiessling, 1994, p.167). They save the soil from erosion and are home to thousands of species, and forest peoples whose lives depend on them. They are also a source for industrial and medical purposes. In developing countries, much deforestation is for both local purposes and for export. The UNFPA (United Nations Fund for Population Activities) said in it's 1990 report that population growth may have been responsible for as much as eighty percent of the forest land cleared between 1971 and 1986 to make room for agriculture, cattle ranching, houses, roads and industries(Ramphal, 1992, p.55). It is estimated that in that period nearly sixty million hectares of forest were converted to farmland and a similar amount of forest was put to non-agricultural uses. This is equivalent

Osteoporosis and the facts essays

Osteoporosis and the facts essays The population of older men and women has been increasing, and therefore the number of people with osteoporosis is increasing. But in some countries, the rate of hip fractures is rising faster than the population. For example, in Malmo, Sweden the number of people older than 50 doubled since 1950, but the number of hip fractures increased seven-fold. The reasons for this secular trend in increased hip fractures are not known, but decreased physical activity may be playing a role. When discussing the prevalence or incidence of osteoporosis, one must distinguish between prevalence of fractures (established osteoporosis) and of low bone density. Many women with low bone density do not have fractures. Overall, 21% of U.S. postmenopausal women have osteoporosis, and about 16% have had a fracture. About 40% of women older than 80 have had a fracture of the hip, vertebra, arm, or pelvis. Men and women continue to lose bone mass as they age. Therefore, the prevalence of low bone mass increases as women age. The incidence of hip fractures is the easiest to measure, because almost all of the women and men who fracture their hip are hospitalized and the hospital records may be accessed. The graph shows that white women have the highest incidence of fractures with a rate that increases exponentially after the age of 50. This graph is from Jacobsen, SJ in AmericanJPublicHealth Incidence and prevalence of vertebral fractures are much more difficult to ascertain than of hip fractures, because many patients are unaware of the fractures. Epidemiological studies must involve lateral spine xrays. To make matters more complex, the degree of compression necessary to define a vertebral fracture is not standardized. In England, the percentage of women aged 45 - 69 with vertebral fractures was 9.7 to 14.2, depending on the measurement method. In a study of 16,119 European ...

Tenontosaurus - Facts and Figures

Tenontosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Tenontosaurus (Greek for tendon lizard); pronounced ten-NON-toe-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (120-100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and two tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Narrow head; unusually long tail About Tenontosaurus Some dinosaurs are more famous for how they got eaten than for how they actually lived. That’s the case with Tenontosaurus, a medium-sized ornithopod that was on the lunch menu of the respectably sized raptor Deinonychus (we know this from the discovery of a Tenontosaurus skeleton surrounded by numerous Deinonychus bones; apparently predators and prey were all killed at the same time by a natural cataclysm). Because an adult Tenontosaurus could weigh in at a couple of tons, smaller raptors like Deinonychus must have had to hunt in packs to bring it down. Other than its role as prehistoric lunch meat, the middle Cretaceous Tenontosaurus was most interesting for its unusually long tail, which was suspended off the ground by a network of specialized tendons (hence this dinosaurs name, which is Greek for tendon lizard). The type specimen of Tenontosaurus was discovered in 1903 during an American Museum of Natural History expedition to Montana led by the famous paleontologist Barnum Brown; decades later, John H. Ostrom did a closer analysis of this ornithopod, corollary to his intensive study of Deinonychus (which he concluded was ancestral to modern birds). Oddly enough, Tenontosaurus is the most abundant plant-eating dinosaur to be represented in a vast stretch of the Cloverly Formation in the western U.S.; the only herbivore thats even close is the armored dinosaur Sauropelta. Whether this corresponds to the actual ecology of middle Cretaceous North America, or is just a quirk of the fossilization process, remains a mystery.

Assessment of the simplest, smartest, most effective and efficient Research Paper

Assessment of the simplest, smartest, most effective and efficient solutions to tackle long-term global warming issues - Research Paper Example The topic under discussion is current issues related to global warming. First of all, one can see that human encroachment upon nature and indiscriminative abuse of natural resources leads to ecological imbalance. Besides, the current issues related to global warming is deeply related to burning of fossil fuels and green house gas emission. Both these reasons behind global warming are closely connected to human encroachment upon nature. The most important issue related to global warming is climate change. Besides, the current global warming issues are interconnected. For instance, rise in global temperature leads to melting of snow in North and South poles and it eventually leads to rise in sea levels. Stephen H. Schneider makes clear that global warming may result in gradual sea level rise and flood in coastal areas (Schneider, 1990, p.160). Another issue related to global warming is extreme weather events. One can see that extreme weather events exert much pressure upon global population. Besides, rapid change in rainfall and uncertain climate affects nations in arid/semi-arid regions. From a different angle of view, rapid increase in global average temperature is beneficial to some regions. At the same time, some other regions are affected by increase in global average temperature. But generally, developing and underdeveloped nations are forced to suffer the far-reaching consequences of global warming and related issues. The current global warming issues can be divided into two: global and local. The global issues include problems originating from rising temperature. For instance, rising temperature melts ice deposit in north and south poles and it eventually leads to increase in global average temperature. This issue cannot be limited to any national boundary. All the human beings are forced to face the aftereffects of global warming.

Admail case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Admail case - Assignment Example results into fatigue, is another problem that project managers face on a regular basis coupled with the aspect of balancing quality delivery as well as growth and expansion of the business (Mitchell et al., 2003). The Canadian Post has over time served the Canadian citizenry correctly through all of their products and services. However, the Admail, which is tasked with the delivery of advertising messages, has in the recent past been on the spotlight due to inefficiency. The ineffectiveness has been brought about by the fact that on certain occasions, Admail helpers have not been delivering messages in time (Kernaghan et al., 2000). The once competitive and highly profitable part of the Canadian Post has faced a myriad of problems in the past, most of which have materialized due to the poor organization within the section. In handling this assignment, I am going to provide a vivid description of how to structure and manage the firm, which would compete effectively with Admail, and av oid the problems that it has been facing. This exploration is based on environmental analysis, organizational culture, planning as well as decision-making. Admail, which is run by the Canadian Post serves well over thirteen million customers within Canada. It has managed to achieve such a customer base due to the influence of the Canadian Post, which is its parent organization. In order to put up another firm, that can compete with Admail as it expands, I would settle on the central Canadian region, notably Ontario to serve as the hedquarter. Apart from being strategically located to serve the entire country, Ontario has a large population, which would act as the perfect customer base with which to begin. For purposes of this assignment, the new firm would be referred to the Mail Daily. Mail Daily would be headed by a chief operations officer, who would be tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the daily tasks that concern the organization. Similarly, the organization would be

Student Values Essay Example for Free

Student Values Essay Encarta defines Values as the accepted principles or standards of an individual or a group. The University of Phoenix has clearly defined these standards for each student in the student handbook. As a student at the University of Phoenix, there are many values that I find extremely important. I have narrowed it down to three for discussion in this paper: Promoting the University of Phoenixs Mission Statement; Consistent Attendance; and Participation in Learning Teams. According to the University Of Phoenix, its mission is to educate working adults to develop the knowledge and skills that will enable them to achieve their professional goals, improve the productivity of their organizations, and provide leadership and service to their communities (University Of Phoenix, 2005, p. 2). To fulfill this mission, the University of Phoenix states it will: Facilitate cognitive and affective student learning, develop competence in the communication, critical thinking, collaboration, and information utilization; provide instruction that bridges the gap between theory and practice; to use technology to create effective modes and means of instruction; improve the teaching/learning system, curriculum, instruction, learning resources, counseling and student services by assessing student learning; foster a spirit of innovation that focuses on providing academic quality, service, excellence, and convenience to the working adult; and to generate the financial resources necessary to support the Universitys mission (University Of Phoenix, 2005, p. 2). To paraphrase from the handbook, our responsibilities as students states that we act ethically with one another (students, faculty, University staff); welcome the contributions of not only students, but faculty and staff members in creating an atmosphere of respect and recognition; foster a productive learning atmosphere; constructively accepting and providing feedback; identify individual and professional values of ourselves and others; show independence and direction in the conclusion of group/individual learning objectives; Be accountable for our actions (communication, interactions); recognize that conflicts/resolutions between individuals/groups are necessary to the team learning process; preserve confidentiality and privacy of personal or professional information being communicated; accountability for group achievements from working collaboratively in the learning process; adhere to the University principles on plagiarism/academic cheating; observe all laws and adhere to the University policies. In order to support the Universitys mission, we, as students, must follow certain values during our studies at the University of Phoenix. Without these values, we would not be able to uphold the Universitys mission. Personally, I uphold the mission statement by participating to the fullest degree possible, putting forth my best efforts as a student, and maintaining a high degree of ethical standards. I also find regular class attendance an important value, as a University of Phoenix Student. Whether it is traditional, online or direct study, class attendance is mandatory and essential for effective learning. Since we are online students, class participation is extremely important. Dr. Wilson states that Participation is very important online. You will be expected to participate four days a week in several different discussions and to contribute at least two substantive discussion messages on each of those four days (Wilson, 2006, p7). Because our class is based on the Active Learning Model, our classroom is a dynamic learning arena. As stated in the University Catalog, the model is based first on the assumption that the learners active involvement in the learning process is essential to good practice. Thus, University of Phoenix classrooms are intended to be dynamic learning spaces (University Of Phoenix, 2005, p. 13). For this reason, it is imperative that classes not be missed or we would not be able to participate in the active learning environment. Another value that is conducive to learning is the development of the Learning Team. A Learning Team is a small group of students, ranging from three to six people (from different parts of the country or world) that is crucial to our learning environment. Learning Teams are an essential design element in the Universitys teaching and learning model through which students develop the ability to collaborate ? an ability expected of employees in information-age organizations and one of the Universitys primary learning goals (University Of Phoenix, 2005, p. 14). The Learning Team forces us to work effectively and efficiently. The team must work together in order to complete the assigned tasks. Working in groups also teaches us how to work in diverse groups in the real-world. In conclusion, the values I have listed only scratch the surface of the value system. Values are a part of us and society as a whole. They may relate to how each of us views the world around us or may be the basis for the laws that govern us. Without values, we could be living in a world that would not be able to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. References University of Phoenix (2005). University of Phoenix Catalog 2005-2006. : . Wilson, T. (2006). COM 526 Syllabus. : .

Trends In Policing Essay -- essays research papers fc

Since the founding of this country, to the wild west, and up to the present, the agenda of the policing bodies have been clear: to uphold and enforce the laws of our society. Of course the way they do this today had undergone changes from the first police forces of early America, law enforcement has seen trends come and go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law enforcement is divided into three major eras throughout history. These eras are the political era, the reform era and the community era. The political era that took place between 1840-1930 was characterized by five points, which was the authority was coming from politicians and the law, a broad social service function, decentralized organization, an intimate relationship with the community, and the extensive use of foot patrol. The downside to the political era was that the police got its authority from the politics and the law, the close tie with politics posed as a problem. 'In New York, for example, the first chief of police could not dismiss officers under his command. The tenure of the chief was limited to one year. Consequently, any early New York cop who was solidly supported by his alderman and assistant alderman could disobey a police superior with virtual impunity. So while the British were firing bobbies left and right for things like showing up late for work, wearing disorderly uniforms, and behaving discourteously to citizens, American police were assaulting superior officers, refusing to go on patrol, extorting money from prisoners, and releasing prisoners from custody of other officers...'; Klockars (1985, p. 42)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Needless to say that corruption became a big problem in American law enforcement. Probably the biggest factor that underlined the problem of corruption during this era was the soils system, whose motto was, 'To the victor go the spoils.'; This resulted in gross political interference with policing. For example, the winning party was under the impression that its members should be immune from arrest and given special privileges in naming favorites for promotions and they assisted in carrying out personal vendettas against other political opponents. So what happened is that this system led to the politicians staffing the country's police forces with incompetent people as rewards for support and 'fixing'; arrests, or making sure arrests were not made wh... ...ter, in the 1930's, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson, two American police pioneers, advanced the goal of 'prof Since the founding of this country, to the wild west, and up to the present, the agenda of the policing bodies have been clear: to uphold and enforce the laws of our societyessionalizing' law enforcement. Their efforts ushered in the 'second wave' of major law enforcement reform. Standardization, specialization, synchronization, concentration, maximization, and centralization, dominated law enforcement during this era... The civil unrest of the mid-1960's through the mid-1970's was the impetus for the advocacy of the 'third wave' of major law enforcement reform. The third wave is now. The question is, will it bury us or carry us boldly forward into the twenty-first century?'; Tafoya (1990, p. 15) Works Cited Klockars, C.B. The Idea of Police. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publications, 1985 Roberg, R.R. and Kuykendall, J. Police and Society. Belmont, Calif.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993. Tafoya, W.L. 'The Future of Policing.'; FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (January 1990): 13-17.

Applications of cryptography

Looking for the â€Å"best† websites in cryptology is a daunting, if not an impossible task. This is because, as I started searching the Web for interesting sites on cryptology, I found that there are just so many. The task is made even more difficult by the fact that cryptology is such a broad subject which encompasses several sub-subjects. Nevertheless, I have to choose three sites. Basically, I just set two criteria for choosing a site: it has to be interesting and it has to be easily understandable even when the content is technical.Being a history enthusiast, my search for fascinating contents led me to a website that features cryptology in the 16th and 17th centuries. It can be accessed via the link http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm and is written by Thomas (Penn) Leary. One of the reasons I was drawn to this site is the existence of an author for the site. With internet access and blogging accessible to almost everyone, I tend to get wary of websites whose aut hors are unknown for I feel that this lessens the reliability of the site and its contents, unless the site belongs to a company or organization whose reliability cannot be questioned.The content starts with a philosophical statement by Blaise de Vigenere, something which I found quite endearing. Being primarily a non-technical site, it avoids the use of cryptographic jargon and instead uses words easily understandable by almost any reader. Examples of the early kinds of cryptology such as the Elizabethan cryptology (uses numbers to encipher letters) were discussed in the site. Several paragraphs in the site are attributed to Johannes Trithemius, a German monk who is also considered the first theoretician in cryptography.Most of his schemes also include steganography, a close cousin to cryptography, which involves concealing the existence of the message itself. Aside from that, Trithemius contributed much to the existence of polyalphabeticity. His tableau, which he called his  "tabula recta†, uses the normal alphabet in various positions as the cipher alphabets. Giovanni Battista della Porta, another famous early cryptographer received a highlight in the site. Likewise, the use of acrostic, a cipher which involves using the first letters of a poem in order to form a word, was also given emphasis.Poets in the Italian Renaissance and during the Elizabethan period were reported to be quite fond in using acrostic. Although quite non-technical, this website appealed to me because I can look back and trace the early days of cryptology when there were no computers and other modern crypto graphing equipment. It is fascinating to note that the state-of-the-art cryptography used nowadays evolved from relatively simple ciphers such as Trithemius’ tableau and acrostic. In terms of information presentation, the website did quite well and the information was arranged in a clear and systematic manner.Furthermore, the author cited several works which I find commendable as most of the websites today obtain information from other sites, books and journals without acknowledging these sources. As for the technical side, I found David Wagner’s (1999) discussion of the Boomerang Attack quite interesting. His paper can be accessed by this link: lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf, although I believe it originally came from www. cs. berkeley. edu/~daw/papers/boomerang-fse99. ps. As you might have noticed I’m quite a stickler for the reliability of website contents.Apart from the topic being quite interesting, I chose this website because it came from an academic institution, which I believe screens articles and papers before posting it in their website. Even for non-technical readers, Wagner’s (1999) introduction to the concept of a boomerang attack is quite comprehensible. He started by describing differential cryptanalysis, a powerful cryptanalytic technique. Because of such power , differential analysis has been used to break many published ciphers. Block cipher designers therefore ensure that their design is secured from differential attacks.Algorithm designers usually compute an upper bound p on the probability of any differential characteristic on the cipher. The designer then invokes an often repeated â€Å"folk theorem† stating that any successful differential attack will require at least 1/p texts to break the cipher, thus making a conclusion that the cipher is safe from differential attacks. In order to prove this â€Å"folk theorem† false, Wagner (1999) exhibited an attack – in this case the boomerang attack – that allows an opponent to beat the 1/p bound in some cases.Let’s say the best characteristic for half of the rounds of the cipher has a probability of q, a successful boomerang attack will therefore need O (q-4) chosen texts. In some cases, q-4 > 1/p, in which case the boomerang attack will be able to beat th e folk theorem’s bound. Basically, a boomerang attack is still a differential-style attack but does not try to cover the whole cipher with a single pattern having a significantly large probability. Instead, the attacker tries to find two highly-probable patterns, though not necessarily related to each other, but when taken together can cover the whole cipher (Standaert, Piret, Quisquater, 2003).Wagner (1999) does not only discuss boomerang attack theoretically and only through probabilities, he showed how boomerang attack can be used to break COCONUT98, a cipher that rely on decorrelation techniques for its design. The breaking of COCONUT98 suggests that decorrelation design may fail to give enough security against advance differential attacks when caution is not taken. Therefore the use of decorrelation techniques is not a total guarantee of safety against differential-style attacks.Nevertheless, a decorrelation design still improves the cipher’s security such that in the absence of a decorrelation module, COCONUT98 will be more vulnerable to conventional differential-style attacks. Wagner (1999) also demonstrated the use of boomerang attacks on Khufu and FEAL, and included a description of â€Å"inside-out attack†, a dual to boomerang attack, with the boomerang attack working from the outside, while the â€Å"inside-out attack† works from the inside. In general, the site is very informative but I must admit, quite technical.One therefore does not approach it without having received a background on cryptology. Oliver Pell’s (nd) website, which he claims has won him a prize in a mathematics essay contest, is just as interesting. Accessed from http://www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/#_Toc439908875, it presents a very useful overview of cryptology. Slightly technical, it comes in between the first two websites. Whereas the first is definitely non-technical while Wagner’s (1999) paper is definitely technical, Pell (nd) prese nts technical data in the simplest way possible.In fact, among the three sites, this one definitely stands out. The website content begins with the definition of commonly-used cryptographic terms, an indication that the paper is meant to be read by a wide range of audience including non-technical ones. The history of cryptography and cryptanalysis which followed the definition is quite fascinating and seems to me, well-researched. Ancient Egyptians, Hebrews and Assyrians already developed a crude form of cryptographic systems.Later on, the Greeks invented the first transposition cipher but it was the Arabs who were the first to have a clear grasp on the principles of cryptography and elucidated the beginning of cryptanalysis. In the more modern times, the uses of cryptography during the First and Second World War were also discussed. What follows is a detailed discussion on cryptography starting on how cryptographic systems are grouped: based on the mathematical operation that chang es the plain text into ciphertext using the encryption key, based on whether a block or stream cipher is produced, and based on the type of key used, whether single or two key.Substitution ciphers – ciphers wherein the units of the plaintext are replaced with symbols or group of symbols, transposition ciphers – rearranging of the letters of the plaintext without actually changing the letters themselves, block ciphers – symmetric-key encryption algorithms that changes a fixed length block of the plaintext into the same length of cipher text, and stream ciphers – also breaks plaintext into units but usually a single character are just some of the ciphers discussed in greater detail under the single key cryptography.A problem in cryptography – the key distribution problem – is also tackled. Such a problem usually occurs because both the sender and the receiver hold a copy of the key, but must also prevent others from getting access to the key. The solution to this problem, the two-key cryptography, is also discussed. Briefly, a two-key cryptography enables a user to possess two keys – one public and one private – with the public key used to encrypt the data to be sent, and the private key used to decrypt it.Some common applications of cryptography, such as protecting confidential company information and protecting a phone call just to name a few, are also presented. In general, the topic (Cryptography) is really well presented. At times when the topic gets a bit too technical (like algorithms), the author presents examples in order for the topic to be better understood. Such a well presented website content is quite uncommon and indeed deserves a prize. References Leary, T. (1996 July). Cryptology in the 16th and 17th Centuries.Retrieved September 27 from http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm Pell, O (nd). Cryptology. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://www. ridex. co. uk/ cryptology/#_Toc43990887 5. Standaert, F-X. , Pirret, G. & Quisquater, J-J. (2003). Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers: A Survey. UCL Crypto Group Technical Report Series. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://www. di. ens. fr/~piret/publ/cg03-2. pdf Wagner, P. (1999). Boomerang Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf.

Modernism and Ball Turret Gunner Essay

In this poem it says at the start everything is gold or perfect then it goes away in the end which has loss of faith. It is rejecting Eden as a hero and who is flawed. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† is modernism because a guy shows up, asks for work, takes the truck, and leaves the blind girl he married at a restaurant. This shows how a human mind can work in an evil way. He took the old ladies blind daughter that has never left home before and she loves her daughter and never wanted her to leave home but the strange man took her and left her all by herself. There is no hero in this story. The old lady didn’t do much to be a hero and neither did the blind girl. The strange man was the opposite of a hero, was greedy, and selfish by taking the car and leaving after he repaired it. â€Å" The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† is a contemporary work because it comments on itself by saying, â€Å"When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hoses†. This poem has multiple meanings. One meaning is that he is in his mom’s stomach. The second meaning is him in the ball turret of a B-17 airplane. This is very personal. He got killed fighting for his country and they sprayed him out with a hose and didn’t give him the proper burial and respect. Night is also a contemporary work because it is very personal. He was put in a death camp for many years treated like crap because he was jewish. They barely fed the prisoners so they starved and died. They would also kill them with gas and work them to death. He talks about the past with no fear so everyone knows what happened in the past. The whole story is commenting on itself by explaining what happened at those death camps. Some of these stories and poems are modernist and contemporary works. Whether is in our past or present its still important. The works have many meanings and people enjoy reading them for the meaning of it not just to be entertained by the story but the true meaning of it. Poems and short stories have made a big impact in education and the way society is. Many people love poems and short stories but other people can hate them. I don’t like them my self but they still are important in education and for our future world.

Cultural representation in the Media The WritePass Journal

Cultural representation in the Media Abstract Cultural representation in the Media ).   Utilizing this media access allows for a wide range of critical national and societal initiatives to be widely disseminated among the relevant populations. The mass media play an important role in mediating between politicians and the general  public (Venuti 2012)).   Ã‚  This point illustrates that a main channel for political information to reach the intended target is from a form of modern media.   The ability to read, view or listen to a report of the topic is commonly preferred to attending the actual event itself (Schaffner, 2008).   The ability to compact information in a manner that can be quickly and easily digested by the consumer is a demonstration of the innate value of any form of media. However, the quality of the media content varies due to the translator, producer and consumer expectations relevant to that particular outlet (Schaffner, 2008). Both culture and media thrive on an inclusive relationship with the population (Zlatar, 2003). The underlying value that exists in the media outlet lies in their ability to reach the populace.   The lack of a product that appeals to a large section of the target population lowers the value of the media outlet.   Due to the increased drive to integrate on a global level cultural values and differences are increasingly visible and have the potential to impact every aspect of any media operation (Zlater, 2003).   Language is the primary method that the media outlets reach their target audience, making the role of translator essential to their form of reporting (Zlater, 2003). News outlets and the process of interviewing people depend on the selection of translator and linguistic competence and preferences (Cecilia, 2009). When broadcasters speak foreign languages translation and interpretation are both crucial, and culturally influenced in the process of conveying the message (Zla ter, 2003). The responsibility for correct translation and dissemination is entirely dependent on the knowledge, ideology and integrity of the media outlet. The UK media outlet the Daily Telegraph and The Independent in 2004, have each provided two culturally varied translations of the same context. Varied approaches to the same account in the media are an illustration of cultural representation and societal values as understood by the individual organizations (Schaffner, 2008).   This is the very concept that creates the perception of differing media reports regarding the same series of events. Modern cultural representation in the Media â€Å"The media has, in fact, been called the fourth estate† (Schaffner and Bassnet, 2010).   The speed in which a message has the ability to reach as wide an audience as possible determines the values of the media outlet (Schffner and Bassnett, 2010). As the world wide culture has embraced innovation, technology has vastly increased the ability of the various forms of media to express their product. The accuracy and strategies of the translation are important in every case, whether it is in print, on screen or online with the media’s ideological and political leanings reflected in their product (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, taking account the political background of the resource and the media itself, there are cultural factors behind the translation and dissemination of information (Bielsa, 2007).   While translation is nearly invisible in the media reports this does not mean there is cultural impartiality in the process of translation. Modern studies of media and their associated translation of material have grown significantly due to the role this mechanism serves in bridging gaps between cultures (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010).   Media enables communication across languages as well as the capacity to promote independent populations mutual understanding.   The relation between media and translation occurs in a wide range of contexts such as the press, TV or the internet (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Translation in every individual culture is a critical element in the media dissemination process that involves the direct interaction and understanding between cultures. News agencies commonly employ translation and select translators without knowing his or her ideological background (Magder, 2004). The quality of the translation in reporting news need to be taken into account by the news agency and the media due to the potential obstacles that can be created (Magder, 2004). Analysis: The media is argued to be viewed through a cultural perception (Bassnet, 2004). Each news item presented by the mass media, in any form, is only their unique representation and interpretation of the event, not necessarily the full or complete picture. Each person, reporter or journalist will experience the event in their own manner, producing their work according to their innate understanding (Bassnet, 2004). Utilizing the spoken word, literature and cultural instruments this unintentionally biased information is passed on to the consumer through the news outlet. The journalists and those who work to gather the information and eventually produce news are professional, yet, each person and organization is subject to their own ethical and value standards based on their cultural heritage (Bassnet, 2004).   A priority must be placed on clear translation in the production of international news. This is an indication of importance for not only the translation functions, but also transfer ring the news across linguistic and cultural boundaries (Bassnet, 2004). In order to assess this concept this study will take the two examples of the translated excerpt from the trial of the former dictator of the Iraqi regime, Saddam Hussein.   These passages have been translated, edited and then published in the Daily Telegraph as well as the Independent in 2004. Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of news around the world and at the same time different definitions of the translation are being used by both layperson and experts (Bassnet, 2004). This is a demonstration that items from one language cannot easily being replaced into another. The translator is transferring the meaning between languages, and cultural clarity is not always present as this process unfolds (Bassnet, 2004). The news reporter often includes non-practical parts or culturally biased elements of a story during the process of translation in order to meet the expectations of the consumers. The often varied and often diverse opinions present in the mass media indicat e a need for universal ethics standards. The first edited transcript of the first court of the dictator Saddam Hussein which is published in the Independent: The Independent, 2 July 2004: The judge opened proceedings by asking Saddam for his name. Saddam. Hussein Majid, the president of the Republic of Iraq. The judge then asks his date of birth. Saddam: 1937 Judge: Profession? Former president of the Republic of Iraq? Saddam: No, present. Current. It’s the will of the people. Judge: The head of the Baath party that is dissolved, defunct. Former commander and chief of the army.   Residence is Iraq. Your mother’s name? Saddam: Sobha, you also have to introduce yourself to me. Judge: Mr Saddam, I am the investigative judge of the central court of Iraq. Saddam: So that I have to know, you are investigative judge of the central court of Iraq? What resolution, what law formed this court? The judge’s response could not be heard. The Daily Telegraph, 2 July 2004: Judge: Are you the former president of Iraq? Saddam: I am Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq. Judge: (to court clerk): put down â€Å"former† in brackets. Saddam: I am the president of the republic so you should not stripe me of my title to put me on trial. Judge: You are the ex-leader of Iraq and the ex-leader of the dissolved armed forces. Were you the leader of the Ba’ath party and head of the armed forces? Saddam: Yes. I’ve introduced myself to you but you haven’t introduced yourself to me. So who are you. Judge: I am a judge of the criminal court of Iraq. Saddam: So you repress Iraqis under the orders of the coalition Do you represent the American coalition? Reading both edited transcriptions that had been published in in the competing British newspapers in 2004 prodcued several interesting questions. To what extent do these printed versions differ? What cultural factors play a role in this difference? Why are they different in terms of information and the structure of the question?   The first version, which is published in the Independent, says that the judge’s response could not be heard, while in the second version the judge is clearly heard giving instruction to the court clerk. This attention or lack of attention to detail is an indication of cultural awareness (Bassnet, 2004).   After the event was over, the translator’s text was compared to the official transcript which illustrated that information was missing and that this text did not contain every element of the conversation. Bassnett (2004) states that during the hearings and sessions the translators are busy producing their own versions. This is an indicati on that media outlets are heavily dependent on the transcripts of the translator.   This point of influence on the part of the translator is very important, as each cultural interpretation depends on the message (Bassnett 2004). Further in the event the judge asks for his mother’s name, but in the Daily Telegraph this point is not mentioned.   How far we should trust the translators and the subsequent reporting by the media? This process of questionable translation is common in a country similar to Iraq which contains different religions and political backgrounds (Bassnett 2004). The ability to find a quality person to fill the role of translator is difficult due to the cultural affiliation to inherent differences in the views of their associated political parties. Another notable difference between both versions, and cultural approaches, is that the person in the first version is a powerful judge that refers to Saddam’s role as a former chief of the army, while in the second version the same concept is approached as a form of a question.   This is a clear demonstration of cultural separation due to the interpretation of the event by the separate media outlets (Bassnett 2004). Each news agency has different policies, conventions and styles in their production of news which highlight these differences. Within every individual organization will be an understanding that is based on information passed between cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The cultural differences become more visible as we read, with more transcripts available in Appendix A. According to the Independent, Saddam refused to sign the documents and both he and the judge were quarrelling about that. The Daily Telegraph reported this same set fo occurences differently. This is direct cultural reflection of the mood the readers expected to see and the willingness of the outlet to accomodate this (Bassnett, 2004).   The Independent approached this in a more adversarial nature, while the Daily Telegraph sought to portray Saddam has more approachable. Moreover, Saddam’s remark in his final comment with the guards that was not recorded in the Independent version is a further indication of the cultural dissemination of information based on the demands of the readers (Bassnett, 2004). The remark in the Telegraph enabled a sense of pity to be communicated culturally, while the absence of this element in the Independent eliminated this. Discussion Despite the fact that we have two different English translations of a transcript in a court session that took place in Arabic, different edited and translation processes have taken place based on the cultural ideologies (Bassnett, 2004). The strategies of the translation that were used for the Independent are more likely to be culturally foreign to the UK as well as much more complex. Due to the nature of the associated readership, this outlet documents the many challenges that Saddam made to the judges, detailing the adversarial nature of the proceedings.   Conversely, the culture associated with the Daily Telegraph expects another variety of reporting, a kinder and wider approach to the story. The version of the same set of events in the Daily Telegraph is shorter and domesticated, a hallmark of the method in which the populace absorbs information (Bassnett, 2004). Saddam in this version does not appear as a former dictator but like a simple man who addresses the judge through his answers and attitudes. Saddam uses (would) which is a question word that often begins a lot of questions and ask for something.   This is a direct representation of the cultural influence present in the writing; the underlying effort is to portray Saddam as demonstrating a gentle quality in the courtroom by saying â€Å"I am not interfering with your responsibilities†. This is a form of outreach that is directly related to the cultural need to empathize with Saddam (Bassnett, 2004). The role played by the translation of material in international news provides the link between politics and the media in both cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The elements revealed by the media outlets will be utilized to galvanize the populace in one form or fashion, thereby driving the governmental approach. Media reports about political events are always forms of re-contextualisation, and any re-contextualisation involves transformation and translation (Schffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the separate cultures will have a unique interpretation of these elements. Cultural difference commonly occurs when a text is shifted for obscure political purposes or the translator attempts to skew the meaning in a way to serve the affiliated party. This form of cultural bias by the translator may have a great impact in the transfer of the meaning and the gist of the discourse and the message, thereby creating substantial obstacles (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the media outlets as well as the underling cultures approaches the aspects of reporting and journalists’ ethics as an intensive research need (Schaffner and Bassnett. 2010). Subjectivity and loyalty to the source text and ethics has a direct impact on the quality of media products, yet the quantity of each component rests in the values of the culture. This fact reflects the desire for the news agency and media outlet   to maintain cultural and national credibility at every level (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010).   This is achieved through the accurate portrayal of world events through the lens of the associated cultural expectations. The international community depends on the media in terms of gaining information about the political state and cultural values and all socio-cultural norms (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, every story must be interpreted utilizing the known population variables that lie behind each writer. In countries where governments interfere with the freedom of the press and sometimes the lack of freedom of expression occur, the media cannot broadcast and work independently (Poyatos, 1997). The culture of a nation will be familiar with the limits, thereby creating an unspoken form of boundaries. This regulatory environment can become another impediment to the accuracy of the translation (Poyatos, 1997). As news about a country is published in various newspapers some adjustments and reshaping is done due to the oversight environment, culture and ideology. A possible solution for this condition would be to create an environment in which no government should intervene into the media affairs and media should be totally independent (Poyatos, 1997).  However, the values of the writers, publishers and readers will have to be taken in to continuous consideration. Public relations professionals help to shape news content in national and local news media, based on the values of the consumers (Fletcher 2006; Franklin 1997). Due to the changes in political situations and relations between countries the news content might not be addressed exactly in every case, as illustrated by the Telegraph and Independent study. This is a reflection of the cultural constraints that must be taken into account for each individual nation in order to continually meet each unique regional need (Franklin, 1997).   Freedom of the press does not mean the independence of any media channel; governments and the population are responsible for laying the foundation for a fruitful relationship between media the freedom of expression. In Conclusion Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of different types of news around the world. The veracity of the translation and truthfulness of the translator are matters of primary concern. The societal values and cultural differences of the authors, editors and organization are exposed with every article or broadcast. From the perspective of translation studies this lack of cohesiveness is an issue and has the potential to have substantial ramifications both politically and culturally. The relationship between culture and media is one of inclusion, very much related to each other. In addition, media confers the capacity to reach a large audience in a manner that is efficient and effective. Mass media has, and will continue to have an impact on every person in each nation in the form of Internet, printing papers, Televisions and radios. The information and news passing between different cultures via the media are reshaped, reinterpreted and then republished. Therefore, transforming media representations entails a new way of thinking about media practice. Media as a communication tool should be situated as institutions that allow for cultural development and the protection of cultural diversity. Further, mass media institutions need to be aware every aspect of the cultural contraints and expectations of the underlying society. Yet, in the end, as in all things, it lies with the reader, viewer or person subject to the media report to judge independantly the veracity of the opinion.   Rà ©fà ©rences Bassnett, S. (2004). â€Å"Trusting reporters†: What exactly did Saddam say? The Linguist, 43(6).176-178. Bielsa, E. (2007). â€Å"Translation in global news agencies†. Target 19(1). 135–155. Wadensjà ¶ , C ‎ (2009). â€Å"Clinton’s Laughter: On Translation and Communication in TV News†. CTIS Occasional papers (Maltby. Ed.) Vole 4 Fletcher, K. (2006). â€Å"A Fine Line between Journalism and PR in Media† Franklin, B. (1997). â€Å"Newszak and News Media†. London Magder, T. (2004). â€Å"Transnational media, intercultural trade and the idea of cultural diversity†. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 18 (3), 380–397. Poyatos, F. (1997).  Nonverbal communication and translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Schffner, C. (2008). ‘The Prime Minister said ’: Voices in translated political texts†. In: SYNAPS Fagsprà ¥k, Kommunikasjon, Kulturkunnskap 22/2008 (University Bergen), pp. 3-25. Schffner, C. and Bassnett, S. (2010). â€Å"Political Discourse, Media and Translation† Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Venuti, L. (2012).  The Translators Invisibility. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zlatar, A. (2003). â€Å"The role of the media as an instrument of cultural policy, an inter-level facilitator and image promoter†: Amsterdam ECUMEST Association, Bucharest.